Ethereum Launches Fusaka Upgrade - Breaking the Scalability World

Mainnet Magic in 15 Minutes

Fusaka, Ethereum's name combining " Fulu " (consensus layer) and " Osaka " ( execution layer, reminiscent of the governing body of Devcon 2025 ), has moved to mainnet with incredible performance. Validators, comprising over 99% of staked ETH ( 32 million tokens ), synchronized in less than 15 minutes, demonstrating rigorous testing on the Holesky testnet (October 1), Sepolia (October 14), and Hoodi (October 28).

The highlight of the upgrade, PeerDAS, allows validators to sample data in “slices” instead of the entire blob, reducing bandwidth requirements by 8x and allowing roll-up platforms like Arbitrum and Optimism to process exponentially increasing transaction volumes for fees under $0.01. Core EIPs implemented:

• EIP-7623 (PeerDAS): Expand blob capacity from 6 to 16 per block, increase L2 throughput by 8x, and cut costs by 50% - key to the ambition of reaching over 31,000 TPS.

• Verkle Trees: Replace Merkle trees with vector commits, reducing node storage by a factor of 10, down to 100GB, and facilitating decentralization to home-based operators.

• EIP-7935 (Gas Limit Increase): Defaults to 60 million gas per block (up from 45 million since 2021), 33% capacity increase, supports 20-40 TPS on L1.

Once activated, the small branches (Blob Parameter Only, BPO) on December 9 and January 7 will gradually increase the blob target to 21, ensuring gradual scaling without overloading.

Proof of Ethereum's maturity

The speed with which the upgrade was completed shocked even veteran researchers. Despite its wide scope—both in terms of execution and consensus logic—the rollout did not experience any network instability, no stalled validators, and no chain splits.

This smooth implementation was made possible by months of coordinated network testing exercises across:

• Holesky (October 1)

• Sepolia (October 14)

• Hoodi (October 28)

Each phase stresses the network with high blob throughput, accelerated block production, and simulated validator load. Mainnet convergence in 15 minutes is now considered the benchmark for blockchain governance and upgrade engineering.

A Turning Point for Ethereum's Roadmap

Ethereum has signaled that it can scale in real time, at production scale, without destabilizing the chain. That’s a foundational achievement that few blockchains have demonstrated. Fusaka is the most important upgrade since the merger because it simultaneously strengthens:

• Scalability through PeerDAS

• Decentralization through Verkle Trees

• Throughput through higher gas limits

• Economic Rollup via blob is cheaper

• Validator accessibility through reduced node storage

Together, these advances move Ethereum closer to a “modular future” — where L1 acts as a secure, capital-efficient settlement layer and L2 provides the mass-market transaction capacity needed for consumer applications.

Our review

The Fusaka upgrade marks a historic milestone for Ethereum, setting new standards in network performance, validator coordination, and upgrade engineering. With activation times under 15 minutes, an 8x increase in L2 capacity, significantly reduced storage requirements, and a higher L1 gas ceiling, Ethereum has taken a significant step forward on its path to becoming the infrastructure backbone of global digital finance.

With additional BPO upgrades rolling out over the next two months, Ethereum’s scalability will continue to expand — marking 2025 as the year Ethereum’s long-promised modular architecture becomes a reality.

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